Ivan Dominic Illich (1926–2002) was an Austrian-born Catholic priest, theologian, philosopher, and social critic best known for his radical critiques of modern institutions. In Deschooling Society (1971) he argued that institutionalized education alienates learners and suppresses self-directed knowledge, while Medical Nemesis (1975) revealed how industrialized medicine often generates harm, dependency, and overreach. Through the Center for Intercultural Documentation (CIDOC) in Cuernavaca, Mexico, Illich challenged the cultural imperialism of development and missionary programs, exposing how “aid” could reproduce domination. His thought was marked by a search for forms of autonomy and subsistence beyond the reach of industrial systems. A polyglot and self-described “errant pilgrim,” Illich offered a vision of social life grounded in limits, freedom, and mutual responsibility. One of his enduring contributions is the notion of conviviality, a guiding thread throughout his critique of modern society.
Landscape architecture should engage intensively with conviviality—it has the capacity to unify many issues in current theoretical debates and connect the discipline to the global network of the conviviality movement.
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